Enzyme Substrates and Kits for β-Galactosidase

β-Galactosidase, an important reporter gene marker encoded by lacZ, is commonly used for monitoring transfection efficiency in mammalian, yeast, and bacterial cells and identifying expression of recombinant fusion genes. E. coli β-galactosidase has a high turnover rate, hydrolyzing D-galactose from various β-galactosides, which allows for very low level detection in common cell types. β-Galactosidase substrates can also be used in conjunction with galactosidase-conjugated secondary detection agents in enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) formats and in immunohistochemical techniques.

Product ID Product Name Description
M0064 Fluorescein mono-ß-D-Galactopyranoside (FMGal)  Convenient beta-galactosidase fluorescent probe. Especially useful for enzymatic analyses where 1st order kinetics are desired. 
M0203 Resorufin ß-D-Galactopyranoside (Res-Gal)  Red fluorogenic substrate for lacZ beta-galactosidase activity, intracellularly, or in vitro
M0241 4-Methylumbelliferyl ß-D-Galactopyranoside (MUG)  Bright blue fluorogenic beta-galactosidase substrate, especially useful for in vitro assays. 
M0250 Fluorescein di-ß-D-Galactopyranoside (FDG)  Ultra-sensitive substrate for lacZ beta-Galactosidase detection in vivo and in vitro.  
M0252 4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl-ß-D-Galactopyranoside (TFMU-Gal)  Blue-green fluorogenic beta-galactosidase substrate that has a lower pKa for higher fluorescence in the physiological pH range. 
M0255 Marker GeneTM FACS Fluorescent Blue lacZ ß-Galactosidase Detection Kit  The MarkerGeneTM FACS lacZ ß-Galactosidase Detection Kit allows highly sensitive detection of beta-galactosidase activity in mammalian, yeast, bacterial, or plant cells, at a shorter wavelength (blue fluorescence) than other kits. This assay is especially amenable to co-staining with a green (fluorescein, GFP) labeling for dual labeling experiments. 
M0257 Carboxyumbelliferyl ß-D-Galactopyranoside (CUG)  Blue fluorogenic beta-galactosidase substrate that is well retained intracellularly. The fluorescence spectrum for the released 3-carboxyumbelliferone is pH-dependent. Below the pKa (7.8), Abs. shifts to shorter wavelengths (325 to 340 nm) and fluorescence intensity decreases. These shifts may be used to measure compartmentalization of intracellular activity. 
M0259 MarkerGeneTM in vivo lacZ ß-Galactosidase Intracellular Detection Kit  The MarkerGeneTM in vivo lacZ ß-Galactosidase Intracellular Detection Kit allows ultra-sensitive detection of beta-galactosidase activity in live mammalian, yeast, bacterial, or plant cells. Especially useful for FACS analysis. 
M0276 MarkerGeneTM ß-Galactosidase Sample Kit  This kit consists of samples of several of our most popular beta-galactosidase substrates and their reference fluorophores allowing multiplexed analysis of lacZ beta-galactosidase activity at a variety of wavelengths. This kit is perfect for those occasions where the preferred wavelength of detection is under development.  
M0611 3-Carboxyumbelliferyl ß-D-Galactoside, BSA conjugate  This conjugate of bovine serum albumin (BSA, MW = 66.4K) and the beta-galactosidase substrate carboxyumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (Product M0257) is useful for detection of extracellular galactosidase activity, from enzyme-linked antibody systems or for endocytosis experiments, measurement of lacY permease activity, or microinjection analyses. The resulting coumarin-BSA conjugate has fluorescence excitation and emission spectra similar to 3-carboxyumbelliferone (Ex = 386nm; EM = 445nm, e=32K) (blue fluorescence). Note: The fluorescence spectrum for 3-carboxyumbelliferone is pH-dependent. Below the pKa (7.8), Abs shifts to shorter wavelengths (325–340 nm) and fluorescence intensity decreases. These shifts may be used to measure compartmentalization of intracellular activity. See the references below for applications of this substrate for the detection of galactosidase activity.  
M0855 MarkerGeneTM Chemiluminescent lacZ ß-Galactosidase Detection Kit  The Chemiluminescent lacZ ß-Galactosidase Detection Kit allows for quantitative measure of beta-galactosidase enzyme activity in mammalian, yeast, and bacterial cells through use of a chemiluminescent substrate. 
M1087 D-Luciferin-6-0-ß-D-Galactopyranoside  This analog of D-Luciferin contains a beta-galactoside attached at the 6-O-position, and thus is not a substrate for the firefly luciferase enzyme until the galactose is removed e.g., by beta-galactosidase activity. As such it represents an ultrasensitive substrate for chemiluminescent measurement of galactosidase activity in homogeneous assays, or in cell lysate samples when the enzyme luciferase is added. This substrate represents the active component of the Beta-GloTM-type chemiluminescent galactosidase assay systems and when used as a dual substrate, beta-galactosidase levels can be determined with high sensitivity and can be quantified by the release of luciferin through luciferase reaction. 
M1194 2', 7'-Dichlorofluorescein di-ß-D-galactopyranoside (DCFDG)  A highly sensitive fluorescent substrate for measuring galactosidase and galactocerebrosidase activity inside of live cells and lysosomes. This new substrate releases the highly fluorescent fluorophore 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein (EX: 495nm / EM: 529 nm) at the site of galactosidase or galactocerebrosidase activity. Since the pKa of the released fluorophore is significantly lower than comparable fluorophores, it can retain appreciably more fluorescence in the highly acidic environment of the lysosome than other similar fluorophores. Note: Absorption prior to enzyme hydrolysis is 290 nm; 4.7K). 
M1352 MarkerGeneTM ß-Galactosidase Staining Kit  The E. coli lacZ gene is among the most widely used marker genes for mammalian, yeast and bacterial transfection studies due in part to its resistance to intracellular proteolytic degradation. The lacZ gene encodes for the ß-Galactosidase (ß-Gal) enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a wide range of ß-galactosides. The MarkerGeneTM ß-Galactosidase Staining Kit can be used to monitor and detect enzyme activity in stably or transiently transfected cells or transgenic tissues using the sensitive chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal). When ß-Gal cleaves the glycosidic linkage in X-Gal, a soluble, colorless indoxyl derivative is produced which quickly dimerizes and becomes oxidized to produce a bright blue indigo dye precipitate at the site of ß-Gal activity. The dimerization and oxidation reaction is facilitated, in this kit, by a developer buffer solution containing ferric and ferrous ions. Both transfection efficiency and comparative expression levels can be determined by examining and counting the number of blue cells in the total cell population.  
     
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